6.858 Spring 2017 Lab 4: Browser security

httpd@vm-6858:~$ cd lab
httpd@vm-6858:~/lab$ git commit -am 'my solution to lab3'
[lab3 c54dd4d] my solution to lab3
 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
httpd@vm-6858:~/lab$ git pull
Already up-to-date.
httpd@vm-6858:~/lab$ git checkout -b lab4 origin/lab4
Branch lab4 set up to track remote branch lab4 from origin.
Switched to a new branch 'lab4'
httpd@vm-6858:~/lab$ make
...

httpd@vm-6858:~/lab$ ./zookld

Exercise 1: Print cookie.

Cookies are HTTP's main mechanism for tracking users across requests. If an attacker can get ahold of another user's cookie, they can completely impersonate that other user. For this exercise, your goal is simply to print the cookie of the currently logged-in user when they access the "Users" page.

1. Read about how cookies are accessed from Javascript.
2. Save a copy of zoobar/templates/users.html (you'll need to restore this original version later). Add a <script> tag to users.html that prints the logged-in user's cookie using alert().

   Your script might not work immediately if you made a Javascript programming error. Fortunately, Firefox has fantastic debugging tools accessible from the Tools menu in the browser: the JavaScript console and the DOM inspector, both accessible from the Tools menu. The JavaScript console lets you see which exceptions are being thrown and why. The DOM Inspector lets you peek at the structure of the page and the properties and methods of each node it contains. You might also want to try Firebug.

3. Use the "Network" tab of the developer toolbar to inspect the requests going between your browser and the website. By clicking on one of the requests, you can see what cookie your browser is sending, and compare it to what your script prints.
4. Put the contents of your script in a file named answer-1.js. Your file should only contain javascript (don't include <script> tags).

Exercise 2: Email cookie.

Modify your script so that it emails the user's cookie to the attacker using the email script. The attack should still be triggered when the user visist the "Users" page.

Please review the instructions at http://css.csail.mit.edu/6.858/2017/labs/sendmail.php and use that URL in your scripts to send emails. You may send as many emails as you like while working on the project, but please do not attack or abuse the email script. Note that the cookie has characters that likely need to be URL encoded. Take a look at encodeURIComponent and decodeURIComponent.

When you have a working script, put it in a file named answer-2.js. Again, your file should only contain javascript (don't include <script> tags).

Exercise 3: Remote execution.

For this exercise, your goal is to craft a URL that, when accessed, will cause the victim's browser to execute some JavaScript you as the attacker has supplied. In particular, for this exercise, we want you to create a URL that contains a piece of code in one of the query parameters, which, due to a bug in zoobar, the "Users" page sends back to the browser. The code will then be executed as JavaScript on the browser. This is known as "Reflected Cross-site Scripting", and it is a very common vulnerability on the Web today.

For this exercise, the JavaScript you inject should call alert() to display the victim's cookies. In subsequent exercises, you will make the attack do more nefarious things. Before you begin, you should restore the original version of zoobar/templates/users.html.

For this exercise, we place some restrictions on how you may develop your exploit. In particular:

• Your attack can not involve any changes to zoobar.
• Your attack can not rely on the presence of any zoobar account other than the victim's.
• Your solution must be a URL starting with http://localhost:8080/zoobar/index.cgi/users?.

When you are done, cut and paste your URL into the address bar of a logged in user, and it should print the victim's cookies (don't forget to start the zoobar server: ./zookld). Once it works, put your attack URL in a file named answer-3.txt. Your URL should be the only thing on the first line of the file.

Hint: You will need to find a cross-site scripting vulnerability on /zoobar/index.cgi/users, and then use it to inject Javascript code into the browser. What input parameters from the HTTP request does the resulting /zoobar/index.cgi/users page display? Which of them are not properly escaped?

Hint: Is this input parameter echo-ed (reflected) verbatim back to victim's browser? What could you put in the input parameter that will cause the victim's browser to execute the reflected input? Remember that the HTTP server performs URL decoding on your request before passing it on to zoobar; make sure that your attack code is URL-encoded (e.g. use + instead of space, and %2b instead of +). This URL encoding reference and this conversion tool may come in handy.

Hint: The browser may cache the results of loading your URL, so you want to make sure that the URL is always different while your developing the URL. You may want to put a random argument into your url: &random=<some random number>.

Exercise 4. Steal cookies.

Modify the URL so that it doesn't print the cookies but emails them to you. Put your attack URL in a file named answer-4.txt.

Hint: Incorporate your email script from exercise 2 into the URL.

Exercise 5: Hiding your tracks.

With the exploits you have developed thus far, the victim is likely to notice that you stole their cookies, or at least, that something weird is happening. For example, the Users page probably also printed an error message (e.g., "Cannot find that user").

For this exercise, you need to modify your URL to hide your tracks. Except for the browser address bar (which can be different), the grader should see a page that looks exactly the same as when the grader visits http://localhost:8080/zoobar/index.cgi/users. No changes to the site appearance or extraneous text should be visible. Avoiding the red warning text is an important part of this attack (it is ok if the page looks weird briefly before correcting itself). Your script should still send the user's cookie to the sendmail script.

When you are done, put your attack URL in a file named answer-5.txt.

Hint: You will probably want to use CSS to make your attacks invisible to the user. Familiarize yourself with basic expressions like <style>.warning{display:none}</style>, and feel free to use stealthy attributes like display: none; visibility: hidden; height: 0; width: 0;, and position: absolute; in the HTML of your attacks. Beware that frames and images may behave strangely with display: none, so you might want to use visibility: hidden instead.

Exercise 6: Make a transfer zoobar form.

We will first write our own form to transfer zoobars to the "attacker" account. This form will be a replica of zoobar's transfer form, but tweaked so that submitting it will always transfer ten zoobars into the account of the user called "attacker". First, we need to do some setup:

1. Create an account on the zoobar site and click on transfer. View the source of this page (in Firefox, go to the Tools menu, then Developer, and click on "Page source"). Copy the form part of the page (the part enclosed in <form> tags) into answer-6.html on your machine. Alternatively, copy the form from zoobar/templates/transfer.html. Prefix the form's "action" attribute with http://localhost:8080.
2. Set up the destination account on the zoobar site: create an account called "attacker" on the zoobar site with any password, then log out of the attacker account, and log back into your own account.
3. Load answer-6.html into your browser using the "Open file" menu. After opening, the URL in the address bar will be something of the form file://.../answer-6.html. This form should now function identically to the legitimate Zoobar transfer form.

Now, tweak answer-6.html so that it transfers 10 zoobars to the "attacker" account when the user submits the form, without requiring them to fill anything out. You will have to modify the <input> fields with the necessary names and values.

Hint: You might find the <base> HTML element useful to avoid having to rewrite lots of URLs.

Exercise 7: Submit form on load.

For our attack to have a higher chance of succeeding, we want the CSRF attack to happen automatically; when the victim opens your HTML document, it should programmatically submit the form, requiring no user interaction. Your goal for this exercise is to add some JavaScript to answer-6.html that autoamtically submits the form when the page is loaded.

Hint: document.forms gives you the forms in the current document, and the submit() method on a form allows you to submit that form from JavaScript. Submit your resulting HTML answer-7.html.

Exercise 8: Hiding your tracks.

In the wild, CSRF attacks are usually extremely stealthy. In particular, they take particular care to ensure that the victim cannot tell that something out-of-the-ordinary is happening. To add a similar feature to your attack, modify answer-7.html to redirect the browser to http://css.csail.mit.edu/6.858/2017/ as soon as the transfer is complete (so fast the user might not notice). The location bar of the browser should not contain the zoobar server's name or address at any point. This requirement is important, and makes the attack more challenging. Submit your HTML in a file named answer-8.html, and explain why this attack works in comments inside your HTML file (using <!-- and -->. In particular, make sure you explain why the Same-Origin Policy does not prevent this attack.

Note: Be sure that you do not load the answer-8.html file from http://localhost:8080/..., because that would place it in the same origin as the site being attacked, and therefore defeat the point of this exercise. When loading the form, you should be using a URL that starts with file:///.

Hint: You might find the combination of <iframe> tags and the target form attribute useful in making your attack contained in a single page. Remember to hide any iframes you might add using CSS.

Note: Beware of Race Conditions: Depending on how you write your code, this attack could potentially have race conditions. Attacks that fail on the grader's browser during grading will receive less than full credit. To ensure that you receive full credit, you should wait after making an outbound network request rather than assuming that the request will be sent immediately. You may find using addEventListener() to listen for the load event on an iframe element helpful.

Exercise 9: Make a zoobar login form

Copy the zoobar login form (either by viewing the page source, or using zoobar/templates/login.html) into answer-9.html, and make it work with the existing zoobar site. Much of this will involve prefixing URLs with the address of the web server. This file will be used as a stepping stone to the rest of the exercises in this part, so make sure you can correctly log in to the website using your fake form. Note that you should make no changes to the zoobar code. Submit your HTML in a file named answer-9.html.

Exercise 10: Intercept form submission

In order to steal the victim's credentials, we have to look at the form values just as the user is submitting the form. This is most easily done by attaching an event listener (using addEventListener()) or by setting the onsubmit attribtue of a form. For this exercise, use one of these methods to alert the user's password when the form is submitted. Submit your code in a file named answer-10.html.

Exercise 11: Steal password

Modify answer-10.html to email the password to you using the email script when the user submits the login form. Submit your code in a file named answer-11.html.

Hint: When a form is submitted, outstanding requests are cancelled as the browser navigates to the new page. This might lead to your request to sendmail.php not getting through. To work around this, consider cancelling the submission of the form using the preventDefault() method on the event object passed to the submit handler, and then use setTimeout() to submit the form again slightly later. Remember that your submit handler might be invoked again!

Exercise 12: hide your tracks

Modify answer-11.html to hide your tracks: arrange that after stealing the victim's password that the user sees the official site. Submit your code in a file named answer-12.html.

Hint: The zoobar application checks how the form was submitted (that is, whether "Log in" or "Register" was clicked) by looking at whether the request parameters contain submit_login or submit_registration. Keep this in mind when you forward the login attempt to the real login page.

Exercise 13: Side Channels and Phishing.

Modify answer-12.html so that your JavaScript will steal a victim's zoobars if the user is already logged in (using the attack from Part 2), or otherwise follows exercise 12: ask the victim for their username and password, if they are not logged in, and steal the victim's password. As with the previous exercise, be sure that you do not load the answer-13.html file from http://localhost:8080/.

The grading script will run the code once while logged in to the zoobar site before loading your page. It will then run the code a second time while not logged in to the zoobar site before loading your page. Consequently, when the browser loads your document, your malicious document should sniff out whether the user is logged into the zoobar site. Submit your final HTML document in a file named answer-13.html.

Hint: The same-origin policy generally does not allow your attack page to access the contents of pages from another domain. What types of files can be loaded by your attack page from another domain? Does the zoobar web application have any files of that type? How can you infer whether the user is logged in or not, based on this?

Exercise 14: Profile Worm.

Your profile worm should be submitted in a file named answer-14.txt. To grade your attack, we will cut and paste the submitted profile code into the profile of the "attacker" user, and view that profile using the grader's account. We will then view the grader's profile with more accounts, checking for both the zoobar transfer and the replication of profile code.

In particular, we require your worm to meet the following criteria:

• When an infected user's profile is viewed, 1 zoobar is transferred from the viewing user's account into the account of the user called "attacker".
• When a user visits an infected profile, the worm (i.e., the infected profile's code) spreads to the viewing user's profile.
• An infected profile should display the message Scanning for viruses... when viewed, as if that was the entirety of the viewed profile.
• The transfer and replication should be reasonably fast (under 15 seconds). During that time, the grader will not click anywhere.
• During the transfer and replication process, the browser's location bar should remain at http://localhost:8080/zoobar/index.cgi/users?user=<username>, where <username> is the user whose profile is being viewed. The visitor should not see any extra graphical user interface elements (e.g., frames), and the user whose profile is being viewed should appear to have 10 zoobars, and no transfer log entries. These requirements make the attack harder to spot for a user, and thus more realistic, but they make the attack also harder to pull off.

To get you started, here is a rough outline of how to go about building your worm:

• Make a profile for the attacker to familiarize yourself with how profiles work in zoobar. You should inspect the source to get a feel for the layout of the HTML, both when editing your own profile, and when viewing someone else's.
• Modify your profile to transfer a zoobar from the user visiting the profile to the "attacker" account.
• Hide any tracks that the victim might observe.
• Arrange for the profile to be replicated

This detailed analysis of the MySpace worm may provide some inspiration.

Note: You will not be graded on the corner case where the user viewing the profile has no zoobars to send.

Hint: In this exercise, as opposed to the previous ones, your exploit runs on the same domain as the target site. This means that you are not subject to Same-Origin Policy restrictions, and that you can issue AJAX requests directly using XMLHttpRequest instead of iframes.

Hint: For this exercise, you may need to create new elements on the page, and access data inside of them. You may find the DOM methods document.createElement and document.body.appendChild useful for this purpose.

Hint: If you choose to use iframes in your solution, you may want to get access to form fields inside an iframe. Exactly how you do so differs by browser, but such access is always restructed by the same-origin policy. In Firefox, you can use iframe.contentDocument.forms[0].some_field_name.value = 1;.